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Technical Information Materials - Titanium

Chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of Titanium

Titanium is a metallic, non-magnetic element which is present in nature as oxide (TiO2) and represents the fourth element in structural materials present on the Earth’s crust; its costs are not connected with its availability but are associated with the complexity of the mining process and manufacturing difficulties.

Pure titanium (sponge) is obtained:

  • After TiO2 chlorination by thermochemical reduction of TiCl4 (Kroll and Hunter process).
  • After TiO2 chlorination by electrolytic reduction of TiCl4 into mineral salts.

The resultant titanium sponge can be produced in blooms, ingots and billets. These products are further processed by rolling, drawing and extrusion to produce the main products available on the market: bars, tapes, wires, sheets and pipes.

The wide range of properties that distinguish titanium and its alloys, and in particular the combination of their physical and mechanical properties, among which strength (comparable to the strength of steel and twice that of aluminum) and corrosion resistance, allow their use and application in a wide range of fields such as aeronautic and aerospace (both civil and military applications), chemical and automotive industry, energy (for example off-shore plants) and medical applications.

The main chemical-physical characteristics of titanium and its alloys are:

  • Low density, and therefore lightness (4.5 kg/dm3), but with mechanical properties comparable to that of structural steels (in this case the same product requires half the material in terms of weight)
  • High corrosion resistance to oxidizing acid (in particular in nitric acid), in saline environment (as sea water), and in organic solutions (food products and medical field)
  • High resistance to abrasion, impact cutting, and UV rays
  • High thermic inertia (thermal conductivity of 16W/mK) and good heat resistance due to the high melting point that allow the use at high temperature.
  • Good workability and weldability
  • Anti-static and nonmagnetic element
  • Non-polluting and not-toxic
  • Recyclable

These properties are achieved through the addition of alloy elements which, depending on the type of alloy, allow the improvement of some properties. Improvements can also be achieved also by the use of different heat treatments and working processes. This allows its use in a wide range of applications.

Titanium is available on the market as pure titanium or as alloy.

Pure titanium has a crystalline structure of alpha type (compact hexagonal) and it is classified in 6 types, each one of them including a different quantity of impurities (interstitial elements).

Grades with greater purity, defined by a reduced quantity of interstitial substances, are characterized by a low content of interstitial substances, and by lower hardness and resistance, but greater ductility.

Grade 1 is the most pure (99.5% of titanium); from gr. 1 to gr. 5 the quantity of substances decreases but the resistance increases.

The addition of alloying elements allows to achieve alpha, beta and alpha+beta type alloys with different characteristics compared with pure titanium, but more popular material due to the better relationship between weight and resistance and can be used in a wider number of applications.

About a half the production of titanium in represented by titanium gr. 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) characterized by an alpha+beta structure and it contains both alpha stabilizer (6% of aluminum) and beta—stabilizer (4% vanadium) elements, and other alloy elements in lower quantities.

Because of its physical and mechanical characteristics, it is largely employed in the manufacture of screws and mechanical components.

The following tables show:

Chemical composition of various types of pure titanium and some of its most commonly used alloys

  • Relative physical and mechanical characteristics
Physical and mechanical characteristics of titanium
Commercially pure titanium Titanium alloy
Grade Grade 2 Grade 5/td>
Rm (MPA) 345 900
Rp 0.2 (MPA) 275 830
Elongation % 20 10
Hardness 160 HB/30 36 HRC
Weight kg/dm3 4.51 4.4
Tensile strength Min/Max MPA 345/450 895/1100
Yeild 0.2% MPA 275 825
Modulus of elasticity (GPA) 103 110
Shear modulus (GPA) 40 40
Melting point °C 1668 1650
Thermal conductivity (cal/cm2-°C/cm) 0.052 0.024
Electrical resistance (μ-Ω-cm) 55 175
Weldability Excellent Good
KCU resilience (J) 40-80 15-20
Coefficient of thermal exposure (/°C) 8.4x10-6 8.5x10-6
Specifi c heat (cal/g°C) 0.124 0.138
Forging temperature (°C) 870-930 950-980
Molding temperature (°C) 815-870 900-950
Beta transus (°C+/-25°C) 900 1000

Commercially pure titanium and alloys titanium specifications

AFNOR AIR DIN ALEM
ANDES
LW
ENGLISH
DTD
ENGLISH
BSTA
AICMA AMS MIL-T ASTM B
265 348
381 337
338 382
T40 9182 17850
17860
17862
17863
17864
37034
37035
5073 2, 3, 4, 5 TiP02 4902
4952
4941
type 9046
comp A
Grade 2
TA6V 9183 18850/51
18860/62/4
LW 37164 - 10-11-12-
13-28-56
TiP63 4928 4935
4965 4911
4906 4954
9046 ype
3 comp
C 9047
class 6
Grade 5

Tightening moment “M” for titanium GR5 and AI 7075 Screws

Screw Diameter Tit. GR5 M (Nm) AI 7075 M (Nm)
M3 1.73 0.75
M4 3.57 1.50
M5 6.90 3.00
M6 11.10 5.20
M8 28.30 12.30
M10 57.60 25.00
M12 97.50 42.40
M14 155.20 67.50
M16 235.70 102.50

The values shown in the table are recommended values that can help to prevent too low or too high torques, which could lead to loosening or breakage and deformity.

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